![]() ![]() ![]() In 1911 reformists controlled both the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and the Socialist-founded-and-affiliated General Confederation of Labor (CGL). The accomplishments and the failures of the workers’ anti-war efforts reflect, then, the strengths and weaknesses and the divisions within the movement in 1911 as in 1915 and, for that matter, in 1919-22. From opposition to the Tripolitan (Libyan) War of 1911 against the Turks through the neutralist campaigns of 1914-15, working-class groups made war and militarism a chief focus of their critique of the established order and assumed a leading role among anti-war forces. For, while anti-war activities consumed only a portion of the energies of working-class leftists during this period, they reflect the concerns and directions taken by organized workers. Nowhere is this more evident than in the posture assumed toward war. Young Developments within the Italian working-class Left prior to Italy’s intervention in the Great War anticipate both the divisiveness and the radicalization characteristic of the better known wartime and postwar periods. ![]() THE ITALIAN WORKING-CLASS LEFT AND RESISTANCE TO WAR, 1911-1915 James A. ![]()
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